This isn't the only instance in economics where animals are used as descriptors. Bull and bear are also used, where the former refers to a market affected by rising prices, while the latter is typically one when prices are falling. In the United States, doves tend to be the members of the Federal Reserve who are responsible for setting interest rates, but the term also applies to journalists or politicians who lobby for low rates as well.

Hawkish Vs Dovish

Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen were both considered doves for their commitment to low-interest rates. Paul Krugman, an economist and author, is also a dove because of his advocacy for low rates. But people don't necessarily have to be one or the other. In fact, Alan Greenspan , who served as chairman of the Federal Reserve between and , was said to be fairly hawkish in But that stance changed over time and he eventually became more dovish, as he navigated the bursting of the Internet bubble of the s, as well as the impact of the attack of September 11, , and other major, world-changing events.

Realistically, the people of the United States—investors and non-investors alike—want a Fed chair who can switch between hawk and dove depending on what the situation calls for.

What does dovish mean?

When consumers are in a low-interest rate environment created through a dovish monetary policy, they become more likely to take out mortgages , car loans, and credit cards. This spurs spending by encouraging people and companies to purchase in the present while rates are low rather than deferring the purchase for the future, when rates might be higher. This flurry of spending affects the entire economy. Increased consumption can help create or support jobs, which is often one of the main concerns of the political system from both a taxation and a happy voter perspective. Eventually, however, the aggregate demand leads to increases in price levels.

Some of this increase is because employment levels will rise. When this happens, workers tend to earn relatively higher wages as the supply of available workers goes down in a hot economy. So the higher wages get baked into product pricing. Adding to this are macroeconomic factors created by an expanding money and credit supply where the value of the dollar is going down because they are plentiful. This makes the input costs for products dependent on supply chains in another currency more expensive in dollars.

Add this all up, and you end up with inflation. Left unchecked, inflation can be as destructive as high unemployment in a stagnant economy.

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What Is a Dove? By extension, central banks also indirectly or directly control the currency market. For Forex traders, therefore, it is imperative to follow the changes and announcements of the central banks. The actions of the central banks determine the value of a particular currency and make it easier to predict the movements on the forex market.

Hawkish and dovish monetary policy

The terms "hawkish" and "dovish" in central banks are related to the attitude that those institutions take regarding the economic situations in their countries and their stance on monetary policy. Both words come from their respective animal features, the hawk and the dove, applied to the behavior of central bankers. Hawkish refers to the actions that the central bankers will take to prevent high inflation in the economy of a country. They will then increase interest rates and dampen economic growth that is too fast. Dovish would be the opposite situation.

Whenever the central banks want to avoid deflation or stimulate a slow economy, they decrease the interest rates. This action reduces the costs of obtaining credit, helping to improve the growth of the economy.

Hawkish & Dovish Explained!

How are they different? As you can see, hawkish and dovish are opposite stances of policymakers. Hawkish central bankers will increase interest rates to prevent inflation or heated economic growth.