The discussion paper analyzes the progress of the nationalization policy and proposes models to help to increase the attractiveness of the private sector for Saudis. The labor market will need to absorb an increase in the working age population of around 1. Female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia has more than doubled and is well on track to meet the Saudi Vision objective of 30 percent. While more women are entering the labor force in the Kingdom, the SGAS figures show that the unemployment rate among men was 4 percent in Q4 , while for women it was The first model is very simplistic, with private sector firms paying the wage that corresponds to the productivity of the worker.

This can lead to unemployment because a part of the population does not want to take a job at this wage level. However, this representation, which is often used by economists, is flawed because it treats unemployment as an individual choice, whereas generally individuals do not choose to be in that situation, the report said.

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In the second model, which is more realistic, job candidates are connected with specific vacancies. The challenge here is that it can often be a long and costly process and unemployment candidates may have to wait a long time to receive an offer. At the same time, private sector firms may consider the process too long and costly, especially if they urgently need to fill a role. To boost national employment, the study investigated different options to subsidize private sector wages for Saudi nationals.

Foreign Exchange Reserves by Country Comparison

This policy would in effect be an extension of the Employment Subsidy Program ESP , introduced in , which is a system of in-work cash transfers for nationals employed in the private sector. The paper explores various ways of financing the subsidies, such as increased levies on expatriate workers. BENGALURU, India: From delayed car deliveries to a supply shortfall in home appliances to costlier smartphones, businesses and consumers across the globe are facing the brunt of an unprecedented shortage in semiconductor microchips.

The shortage stems from a confluence of factors as carmakers, which shut plants during the COVID pandemic last year, compete against the sprawling consumer electronics industry for chip supplies. Consumers have stocked up on laptops, gaming consoles and other electronic products during the pandemic, leading to tighter inventory. They also bought more cars than industry officials expected last spring, further straining supplies.

Sanctions against Chinese tech companies have further exacerbated the crisis. Originally concentrated in the auto industry, the shortage has now spread to a range of other consumer electronics, including smartphones, refrigerators and microwaves. With every company that uses chips in production panic buying to shore up stocks, the shortage has squeezed capacity and driven up costs of even the cheapest components of nearly all microchips, increasing prices of final products.

Automobiles have become increasingly dependent on chips — for everything from computer management of engines for better fuel economy to driver-assistance features such as emergency braking.

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The crisis has forced many to curtail the production of less profitable vehicles. General Motors Co. A shortage of auto semiconductor chips could impact nearly 1. IHS said a fire at a Japanese chip-making factory owned by Renesas Electronics Corp, which accounts for 30 percent of the global market for microcontroller units used in cars, has worsened the situation. Severe winter weather in Texas has also forced Samsung Electronics Co. Infineon and NXP are major automotive chip suppliers, and analysts expect the disruptions to add to the shortfalls in the ailing sector. At the root of the squeeze is the under-investment in 8-inch chip manufacturing plants owned mostly by Asian firms, which means they have struggled to ramp up production as demand for 5G phones and laptops picked up faster than expected.

Qualcomm Inc, whose chips feature in Samsung phones, is one major chipmaker struggling to keep up with demand. The majority of chip production occurs in Asia currently, where major contract manufacturers such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. TSMC and Samsung handle production for hundreds of different chip companies.

2021 saw Pakistan forex reserves hit 3-year high

US semiconductor companies account for 47 percent of global chip sales, but only 12 percent of global manufacturing is done in the United States. Factories that produce wafers cost tens of billions of dollars to build, and expanding their capacity can take up to a year for testing and qualifying complex tools. Currently, four new factories are slated in the country, two by Intel Corp. China has also offered a myriad of subsidies to the chip industry as it tries to reduce its dependence on Western technology. LONDON: A rotation by sovereign wealth funds and other institutional investors to add risk since the COVID pandemic, moving from cash and bonds to stocks, may have further to run as many still have large cash positions, according to research published Thursday.

Investors had a more positive outlook for , having reached a risk-neutral level across asset classes after starting last year with the highest cash levels since the financial crisis, the research from State Street Corporation and the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds IFSWF found. Many are also adding to their exposure within private markets, with a particular focus on infrastructure and real estate, hastened by low real returns in public markets, according to the findings, based on State Street data and an IFSWF survey of seven of its largest sovereign fund members.

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Institutional investors also scaled back investments in emerging markets and withdrew from investments in Britain during , according to the research. Arrow Artboard Created with Sketch. Artboard Created with Sketch. January 6, JST Taiwan.

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Pakistan Foreign Exchange Reserves, – Data

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